This is EM Cases Episode 94 – UTI Myths and Misconceptions
In 2014, the CDC reported that UTI antibiotic treatment was avoidable at least 39% of the time. Why? Over-diagnosis and treatment results from the fact that asymptomatic bacteriuria is very common in all age groups, urine cultures are frequently ordered without an appropriate indication, and urinalysis results are often misinterpreted. Although we still appropriately manage most patients with UTI, we need to learn about some subtleties of clinical diagnosis, urine test interpretation and antibiotic choice to improve our management of UTI. So with these goals in mind, EM Cases’ Dr. Justin Morgenstern (@First10EM) and Dr. Andrew Morris (@ASPphysician), an infectious disease specialist and medical director of the antimicrobial stewardship program at Sinai Health System and University Health Network in Toronto, will help fine-tune your approach to the diagnosis and management of UTI as well as dispel some common UTI myths and misconceptions. Think of the last time you prescribed antibiotics to a patient for suspected UTI – what convinced you that they had a UTI? Was it their story? Their exam? Or was it the urine dip results the nurse handed to you before you saw them? Does a patient’s indwelling catheter distort the urinalysis? How many WBCs/hpf is enough WBCs to call it a UTI? Can culture results be trusted if there are epithelial cells in the specimen? Can a “dirty” urine in an obtunded elderly patient help guide management?…
Podcast production, editing and sound design by Anton Helman. Written summary and blog post by Shaun Mehta, Alex Hart, Lorraine Lau and Anton Helman, edited by Anton Helman.
Cite this podcast as: Helman, A, Morgenstern, J, Morris, A. UTI Myths and Misconceptions. Emergency Medicine Cases. https://emergencymedicinecases.com/uti-myths-misconceptions/. Accessed [date].
History taking in patients who present with suspected UTI
While there is no single clinical symptom, sign or lab test that is accurate enough to rule in or rule out a UTI, certain symptoms in combination greatly increase the likelihood of a UTI. Even though only about half of patients who present with dysuria and frequency have a UTI, if you add the absence of symptoms suggesting vaginitis or cervicitis (vaginal irritation, bleeding, and discharge) the likelihood increases to over 90% with a +LR =24.6. Other helpful historical features include a self diagnosed UTI which has a +LR = 4 and urine cloudy appearance which has a specificity of 96% for UTI.
Which patients with a clinical presentation consistent with a lower UTI require a work-up for UTI?
Urine tests are not required for the majority of patients with suspected lower UTI (cystitis) as it is a clinical diagnosis and the urine tests can be misleading.
Urinalysis is most useful for intermediate-risk patients. Urine tests are not necessary for low-risk patients (they probably don’t have a UTI), nor for the patient with a convincing clinical presentation (you will treat regardless).
Indications for urine tests for suspected lower UTI include:
- Immunocompromised patients
- History of multiple courses of antimicrobial therapy
- History of antibiotic resistance
- History of multiple drug allergies
Pearl: UTI is a clinical diagnosis, not a laboratory one.
Microscopy vs dipstick in UTI myths and misconceptions
Microscopy is slightly more accurate than dipstick, but remember to put the results into context of the clinical picture.
So the dipstick shows…
- Pyuria OR nitrites – sensitivity up to 94%, but poor specificity
- Pyuria AND nitrites – specificity ~100%, but poor sensitivity
If we use the dipstick in isolation, we end up overtreating 47% and undertreating 13% of UTIs.
So the microscopy shows…
- >5 WBC per hpf, and
- >5 RBC per hpf
If we use microscopy in isolation, we end up overtreating 44% and undertreating 11% of UTIs.
How to interpret epithelial cells and bacteria on urine microscopy
The classic teaching is that <5 epithelial cells per hpf represents an uncontaminated sample. However, while a ‘contaminated’ sample may negatively affect the ability to obtain a reliable culture, it does not affect the accuracy of the dip or microscopy to the same degree.
While bacteria seen on microscopy is predictive of a positive culture, it is not necessarily diagnostic of a UTI as the positive culture could represent a contaminant or asymptomatic bacteriuria.
A few more nuances to know about urine tests for UTI
- Nitrites are not produced by S. saprophyticus, Pseudomonas or enterococci, so negative nitrites does not rule out UTI
- In neutropenic/leukopenic patients, urine WBCs may be artificially low
- Pyuria may result from dehydration, advanced age, AKI, STI, appendicitis, diverticulitis etc and so have poor specificity for UTI
Does the method of urine collection matter?
Midstream clean catch has traditionally been considered the standard for non-invasive urine collection, but many studies show that there is no difference between this method and simply asking the patient to urinate into a container. The latter has little if any effect on the urinalysis, and an insignificant effect on the culture.
Indications for urine cultures for suspected UTI
The indications for urine cultures include some of the same indications for urinalysis plus:
- Patient is not responding to initial antibiotics
- Recurrent UTI
- Suspect upper UTI (Pyelonephritis)
Note a 5% urine culture false positive rate (due to asymptomatic bacteriuria), and a 25% false negative rate (due to antibiotic use or sample over-dilution).
Which patients require antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria?
According to the IDSA, asymptomatic bacteriuria is not linked to long-term adverse outcomes, and treatment does not decrease the rate of symptomatic UTI. Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria should only be considered in:
- Pregnant patients (however the very low rates of complications may not justify antibiotic use and future guidelines may recommend not routinely treating pregnant patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria)
- Patients undergoing an invasive urologic procedure
Pitfall: Treating non-pregnant patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria with antibiotics. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is very common in all age groups and is often misdiagnosed as a UTI.
For catheterized patients, the decision to treat is again a clinical one no different than the uncatheterized patient. It is not clear in the literature if catheterized patients are at a higher or lower risk for UTI and there is no evidence for prophylactic antibiotic treatment in patients with indwelling urinary catheters. It is important to remember that nearly 100% of patients with an indwelling catheter are colonized within 2 weeks of placement with 2-5 organisms and that there is no relationship between the level of pyuria and UTI in people with indwelling catheters. Candida is a very common finding in catheterized patients. Do not treat with anti-fungals unless the patient is neutropenic or has risk factors for systemic candidiasis. Conservative management for most will suffice, which includes replacement/removal of catheter and observation.
Pearl: Do not routinely treat catheterized patients found to have pyuria or candida in their urine
Update 2019: New IDSA guidelines for managing asymptomatic bacteriuria – 2019 . IDSA
Approach to the altered, elderly patient with a suspicious urine sample
Unfortunately, there is little guidance in the literature when to treat these patients for UTI, but our experts suggest:
- If there is no clinical instability or specific signs/symptoms of UTI, observe for 24-48 hours without antibiotics
- Search for other causes of altered level of awareness
Which patients with lower UTI symptoms require a workup for sexually transmitted infections (STI)?
There are two approaches to STI screening in the ED:
- Screen all sexually active women <25 years old as per CDC guidelines with vaginal/cervical swabs because asymptomatic pelvic inflammatory disease can lead to chronic complications.
- Selectively screen only patients at high risk for STI, who have symptoms consistent with STI, or if UTI symptoms persist for >48hrs after initiating appropriate antibiotics.
Pearl: A patient performed self vaginal swab is more accurate than physician performed self vaginal/cervical swabs for gonorrhea and chlamydia.
Indications for imaging in patients suspected of pyelonephritis
Imaging is not routinely required for patients suspected clinically of pyelonephritis.
Imaging is indicated for those patients suspected of perinephric abscess, septic nephrolithiasis, or emphysematous pyelonephritis (these patients typically present with either severe pain and/or severe sepsis/septic shock) as well as those who have not responded to treatment >48-72hrs and to look for alternative diagnoses in the patient in which you do not have a very high pretest probability.
In a prospective, observational study of adults with febrile UTI from eight EDs in the Netherlands, a decision instrument was derived and validated which reduced radiologic imaging by 40% after implementation. The following 3 factors predicted ultrasound or CT findings with a NPV of 93% and urgent urological disorders (pyonephrosis or abscess) with a NPV or 99%, and in the validation study, the NPV for clinically relevant radiologic findings was 89% and for urgent urologic disorders was 100%.
- History of urolithiasis,
- Urine pH ≥7.0, and/or
- Renal insufficiency (estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤40)
General principles and considerations in choosing antibiotics for UTI
- Choose a narrow spectrum antibiotic when possible.
- Choose the antibiotic with the safest side effects profile.
- The majority of women (73% in one study) with lower UTI will be symptom free within 3 days with ibuprofen alone.
- Always take into consideration local resistance patterns. In interpreting your local biogram, the IDSA guidelines recommend that for lower UTI choose an antibiotic that is estimated to be at least 80% effective in your region and for upper UTI choose an antibiotic that is estimated to be at least 90% effective.
First line antibiotics for lower UTI (cystitis)
Lower UTI (cystitis) | SMX/TMP po × 3 days or
Trimethoprim po × 3 days or Nitrofurantoin po × 5 days or Cephalexin po x 5 days or Fosfomycin 3g as a single dose po |
Note that the antibiotic choice should reflect its ability to eradicate E.coli, the most common bacteria found in 70-95% of lower UTIs, rather than more infrequently colonized bacteria such as pseudomonas, which is found predominantly in patients with upper UTI and immunocompromised patients or those with genitourinary anatomical abnormalities. Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin that are susceptible to pseudomonas should be avoided for treatment of lower UTI for this reason and because resistance to ciprofloxacin is increasing in many communities.
Note also that 3-5 days duration of therapy is sufficient for the vast majority of lower UTI.
While Fosfomycin is listed as first line, our experts recommend its use only after a failed first line antibiotic or for multidrug resistance lower UTI. Single dose Fosfomycin is equivalent to 7 days of nitrofurantoin and 3 days of TMP-SMX for UTI cure and is also effective against ESBL and VRE.
In pregnant patients the first line antibiotic for lower UTI is Cephalexin. Nitrofurantoin is recommend for pregnant patients only in their 3rd trimester.
First line antibiotics for upper UTI (pyelonephritis)
Outpatient pyelonephritis:
Fluoroquinolones
-
Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO BID for 7d or
-
Levofloxacin 750 mg PO daily for 5d
If fluoroquinolone resistance is thought to be >10%: B-lactams (Amoxacillin/Clavulinic acid (e.g. Clavulin or Augmentin) 875 mg PO q12hr for 14d) or
Cephalexin 500mg PO q6h for 14d
Inpatient pyelonephritis:
-
Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h for 10-14d or
-
Levofloxacin 750 mg IV q24h for 5d
If fluoroquinolone resistance is thought to be >10%:
-
3rd generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone 1 g IV q24h or cefepime 1 g IV q12h or cefotaxime 1-2 g IV q8h or ceftazidime 2 g IV q8h) or
-
Ampicillin 1-2 g IV q6h plus gentamicin IV 1.5 mg/kg q8h
Pyelonephritis with septic shock
It is important to cover enterococcus as well as E.coli.
Ampicillin 1-2 g IV q6h plus gentamicin IV 1.5 mg/kg q8h or
Vancomycin 1g IV plus gentamicin IV 1.5 mg/kg q8h
Update 2022: A multi-center, observational cohort study including 15 geographically diverse EDs in the United States found fluoroquinolone resistant E. coli prevalence of 22.1%, with 14 of the 15 sites having fluoroquinolone resistant E. coli rates >15%. Of the patients with fluoroquinolone resistant E. coli, 37.1% of patients did not have any documented risk factors for resistance. Abstract
Does anything prevent recurrent UTIs?
Increased water intake, direction of wiping and voiding post intercourse have not been supported by evidence to prevent recurrent UTIs.
Evidence from clinical trials does not support the use of cranberry products (juice, powder or tablets) for the prevention of UTIs. Consumption of large quantities of cranberry juice may result in an interaction with warfarin and raise INR.
Are urinary anesthetics such as phenazopyridine (pyridium) recommended?
There is weak evidence for phenazopyridine as an urinary anesthetic. It was taken off the market in Canada because of side effects such as hemolysis in patients with G6PD and methemoglobinemia.
Take home points for UTI Myths and Misconceptions
- UTI is a clinical diagnosis, not a laboratory one. Dysuria plus urinary frequency in the absence of symptoms of STI is diagnostic.
- Most patients with a clinical picture consistent with a lower UTI do not require urine tests.
- The indications for urine tests for suspected lower UTI include immunocompromised patients, history of multiple courses of antimicrobial therapy, history of antibiotic resistance and history of multiple drug allergies.
- While bacteria seen on microscopy is predictive of a positive culture, it is not necessarily diagnostic of a UTI as the positive culture could represent a contaminant or asymptomatic bacteriuria.
- A common pitfall is treating non-pregnant patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria with antibiotics. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is very common in all age groups and is often misdiagnosed as a UTI.
- Do not routinely treat catheterized patients found to have pyuria or candida in their urine.
- A common pitfall is to assume that the cause of altered level of awareness in an elderly is a UTI upon finding pyuria or bacteriuria on urinalysis leading to premature closure and missing a more serious diagnosis.
- Imaging is not routinely required for patients suspected clinically of pyelonephritis.
- Cranberry juice, direction of wiping and voiding post intercourse are not effective in preventing recurrent UTIs
- 3-5 days duration of therapy is sufficient for the vast majority of lower UTI
Drs Helman, Morgenstern and Morris have no conflicts of interest to declare.
References
Aubin C. Evidence-based emergency medicine/rational clinical examination abstract. Does this woman have an acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection?. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49(1):106-8.
Immergut MA, Gilbert EC, Frensilli FJ, Goble M. The myth of the clean catch urine specimen. Urology. 1981;17(4):339-40.
Lane DR, Takhar SS. Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011;29(3):539-52.
Leisure MK, Dudley SM, Donowitz LG. Does a clean-catch urine sample reduce bacterial contamination?. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(4):289-90.
Lifshitz E, Kramer L. Outpatient urine culture: does collection technique matter?. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(16):2537-40.
Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(5):643-54.
Norris DL, Young JD. Urinary tract infections: diagnosis and management in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008;26(2):413-30, ix.
Schulz L, Hoffman RJ, Pothof J, Fox B. Top Ten Myths Regarding the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections. J Emerg Med. 2016;51(1):25-30.
Stark RP, Maki DG. Bacteriuria in the catheterized patient. What quantitative level of bacteriuria is relevant?. N Engl J Med. 1984;311(9):560-4.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Summary of 2015 CDC Treatment Guidelines. J Miss State Med Assoc. 2015;56(12):372-5.
Lunny C, Taylor D, Hoang L, et al. Self-Collected versus Clinician-Collected Sampling for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0132776.
van Nieuwkoop C, Hoppe BP, Bonten TN, Van’t Wout JW, Aarts NJ, Mertens BJ, et al. Predicting the need for radiologic imaging in adults with febrile urinary tract infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(11):1266-72.
Gágyor I, Bleidorn J, Kochen MM, Schmiemann G, Wegscheider K, Hummers-pradier E. Ibuprofen versus fosfomycin for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2015;351:h6544.
Warren JW, Abrutyn E, Hebel JR, Johnson JR, Schaeffer AJ, Stamm WE. Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29(4):745-58.
Other FOAMed Resources on UTI Myths and Misconceptions
LITFL on interpretation of urinalysis
EMdocs on the diagnosis and management of pyelonephritis
ALiEM on the diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated UTI in older adults part 1 & part 2
Now test your knowledge with a quiz.
Great Podcast. Just seeking some clarification – I thought macrobid should NOT be given in 1st AND 3rd trimester (at term), as per Up To Date. Is there more evidence that suggests otherwise?
Thank you for a good discussion about the diagnosis and treatment of UTI. However, I still emerge somewhat confused about the diagnosis of UTI. In the blog post, you post a table listing several likelihood ratios for various symptoms of UTI. What is the gold standard test/criteria that these ratios are being generated from? As you correctly discuss, there is no one clinical symptom, or lab finding that cinches the diagnosis of UTI, so how are we defining UTI for the purposes of these LRs?
Avoidance of nitrofurantoin in 3rd trimester due to risk of hemolytic anemia in newborns.
Previous concern for increased birth defects in first trimester was not supported in J Clin Pharm 2013;53:991
Source :Sanford Guide
Other pregnancy avoidance tip:
Fluroqunolones
TMP:SMX in third trimester
The idea that nitrofuantoin use in T3 causing hemolytic anemia in newborns is based on old data. American College of OB-GYN 2017 suggest that nitrofurantoin can be used throughout pregnancy, (but should be avoided in G6PD deficiency).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28832488
http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2017/09000/Committee_Opinion_No__717_Summary___Sulfonamides,.39.aspx
It is important in the Ederly to obtain a regular number of baselines of mental status of the elderly to record and analyse fluctuations in mental status and best guessed causes – pain discomfort excess noise crying out patients nearby sensory deprivation constipation urine retention discomfort in the abdominal area or joints etc.
A urine stick analyses and urine m/c/ s on admission and 3 monthly provides a reference .
Also many aged cared facilities perform urine stick tests weekly the “ward” tests and so leukocyte esterase nitrites RBC testing negative for weeks then testing positive particularly in the context of altered behaviour ought be relevant for a urinary infection other causes being excluded.
Baseline awareness of patient will help when the patient changes in behaviour mood or awareness .
In the beginning of the Podcast little mention has been made of urine symptoms- new pain on urination, new frequency of urination and new incontinence or a past history of urinary tract infection .
In young women who are sexually active there is the entity : “Honeymoon Cystitis “
Beware of bladder cancer- here RBC in the urine particularly with ageing are a critical test and so a urine m/c/s is justified.